Transformational Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Transformational Leadership - Assignment Example This spellbinds the Kings consideration who at long last asks Do you imagine that in such a brief timeframe you can convince me to be a Christian? (Acts 26:28, New International Version).Paul shows compassionate character. A transformational pioneer should see the world from the colleagues' perspective. Paul executes this effortlessly. He states I too was persuaded that I should do such was conceivable to restrict the name of Jesus of Nazareth (Acts 26:22, New International Version). Paul at that point goes on discuss how he changed from a Pharisee to whom he is today. Transformational pioneers should direct through motivation. Paul offers motivation when he talks strikingly of his change during his excursion to Damascus (Acts 26:12, New International Version).Paul displays a lot of persistence and respect for power. Paul reacts nimbly and consciously in spite of Festus calling him crazy. I am not crazy, most magnificent Festus, Paul answered. (Acts 26:22, New International Version). In his reaction, Paul shows much wisdom.Paul exceeded expectations as pioneer of the early church. Paul’s worker administration abilities could clarify this achievement. Paul presents himself as a worker and furthermore as a messenger picked by God (Galatians 1:15, New International Version). He additionally concedes that â€Å"I have made myself a captive to all, that I may win the more.† (I Corinthians 9:19, New International Version). Being a hireling chief and depending not on his quality however the Lord's guaranteed his prosperity. Paul expresses that he longer lives, however Christ lives in him.

Current Treatments Free Essays

Mechanical advances are presumably one of the most advantageous things that happened to man. It has permitted individuals to live their lives simpler with the assistance of machines and projects. One zone that appears to profit by mechanical advancements is the clinical field. We will compose a custom exposition test on Current Treatments or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Today, the most recent advancements in medication and medicinal services have given individuals the chance to live more and all the more serenely. This is prove by better drugs, analysis, and treatment plans for patients. By and by, I accept that the requirement for better social insurance drove researchers and human services suppliers to the improvement of ebb and flow medications. Better information in innovation likewise helped experts in setting up and finding new medicines for patients. This is seen in Maguire’s (2002) study wherein he looked at two patients who has a similar kind of sickness. One is a previous patient who seemed to have surrendered to the side effects of schizophrenia and couldn't improve and carry on with a typical life even with the meds accessible around then. The other patient gets a more up to date drug for schizophrenia and can return to class and live serenely. The last patient had the option to profit by the enhancements in the field of social insurance. â€Å"With headways in such prescriptions, patients with schizophrenia no longer need to lead an actual existence completely directed by this order† (Maguire, 2002, p. 10). â€Å"Consequently, they need significant help and endorsement in treatment, to assist them with unveiling side effects that commonly appear to be despicable to them and make the possibly terrifying conduct changes that will be asked of them† (Author, p. 277). Experts in the field of human services ought to never be placated with the present medicines and ought to consistently search for approaches to improve the lives of patients. This can be particularly said in the field of psychotherapy wherein current treatment plans and techniques won't generally work for each person and the changing of times influence people’s practices, which can influence the medicines that were once thought as the best ones. Step by step instructions to refer to Current Treatments, Papers

The Five Fundamental Types of Editing and Which One Is Right for You

The Five Fundamental Types of Editing and Which One Is Right for You So, the hard part is overâ€"youve written a manuscript or paper and youre now ready to move forward on the next step, which is working with an editor toward getting it published.However, a quick online search of the scope of editors and editing services offered is enough to overwhelm even the calmest of writers. Looking through freelance profiles or online agencies, youll come across various terms for services provided, including developmental editing, line editing, copyediting, proofreading, and manuscript critiquing.Which do you choose? How is one different than the other? Do you need a copyeditor and a line editor, or will one suffice? You likely have a lot of questions about the scope of editing services available, so in this article, we will break it down for you to help clear up any confusion you might have. Well discuss what each type of editing service is to help you narrow your search, specifically what professional skills are needed to perform that service, and at what stag es in the writing process you might need each.Developmental editingThink of a developmental editor as your mentor and guide for a particular manuscript. In the publishing industry, a developmental editor would assist authors from the early stages of the manuscript submission process, before a line editor, copyeditor, or proofreader even sees a word thats written.In publishing houses, the developmental editor is sometimes simply known as the editor-in-chief or associate editor. Many published books will go through a round of developmental editing (where significant parts of the manuscript are changed) and in some cases, a writer might work with a developmental editor at the planning stages of a manuscript that is yet to be written.A developmental editor would focus on issues, such as:The structure of your bookWhether your book will be marketable, and if not, how to make it marketableAny gaps in plot or characterizationAn unclear audience or lack of engagement with audienceMajor chang es that need to be made regarding pacing, dialogue, or plotWhen working with a developmental editor, its important to keep an open mind and receive all feedback graciously. A developmental editor is not there to tear apart your writing (although it might seem like it at times) or make you feel incompetent as an author. He or she is there to help make your book a success and has a birds-eye view of the publishing industry and genre that you wont have in most cases.Line editingA line edit will generally occur before a copyedit is done and is meant to address the writing style and overall effectiveness of the content of the work. In other words, it is not the line editors task to find the grammar, punctuation, spelling or syntax errors of the copy, although he or she might do this to a certain extent.Mostly, a line editor would be responsible for pointing out any of the following in your writing:Problems with the emotion or tone of your writingClichés or broad generalizations youve us edProblems with your word choice or repetitive wordingRedundant or extraneous wordsRun-on sentencesFaulty transitions (or a lack of transitions)Off-topic digressionsDialogue that does not flow well or is hard to follow/readShifts in tense or point of viewPoor word choice, bland writing, or an unengaging toneDetails that need to be added for clarification for the readerAs you can see, line editing involves looking at the content to consider its overall effectiveness. For example, a line editor for a doctoral dissertation would look at the big picture and determine the usefulness of the study, how well the author has reviewed the literature related to the topic, and whether enough details are included for a convincing argument. A line editor would also point out if there are any confusing parts that are difficult to read or understand, or if there are any glaring errors in verb tense and word choice throughout.CopyeditingCopyediting is a type of editing that focuses on the technical i ssues of the copy. The best equipped copyeditor is one who has excellent command of English language rules, including grammar, punctuation, capitalization, spelling, syntax, citation formats and more. Included in a copyedit should be:Corrections to spelling, grammar, punctuation, and syntax. This includes corrections between British and American spellings of words, depending on the audience. For example, a copyeditor would be responsible for changing the punctuation and/or spelling if an author using British English rules publishes in an American publication.Changes to ensure consistency in spelling, punctuation, numerals, fonts, spacing and capitalization. For example, a copyeditor would catch when five is spelled out in one section of the work but written as the numeral 5 in another. He or she would then make the necessary adjustments to ensure consistency throughout the entire manuscript or paper.Notes on false or questionable information such as incorrect quotes, dates, or claim s. This is especially important in the publishing world, where false information could lead to defamation lawsuits or a loss of reputation for the publication.Notes on the effectiveness or macro-level issues of the copy, including consistency in details of characters, places, etc.A thorough understanding and check of the formatting style required (Chicago, APA, MLA, etc.). A copyeditor should be well-versed in the rules related to the style and be able to correct any formatting, citation or punctuation errors within the copy that dont follow it.Analysis of any legal issues that might result from publication of the work, such as plagiarism or defamation lawsuits.In the various stages of the editing process, a copyedit would come after a line edit. In publishing circles, a copyeditor is usually the last person to see the copy before it goes to print.ProofreadingIn the stages of editing for publication, proofreading would be what occurs after the publication or manuscript has been prin ted once to obtain the proof. After given this proof, a proofreader would examine it to make sure that it includes everything in the original copy and make note of anything that is missing.A proofreader would then look at the proof to make sure the page numbers are correctly formatted and numbered, as well as ensure there are no incorrectly spaced line breaks or paragraphs. This includes checking to make sure each paragraph is set apart from the rest and that lines do not overlap each other or go off the printed page.As with other specific types of editing, a proofreaders job might overlap with the copywriter or line editor. However, his or her primary responsibility in the publishing world would be to examine the official proof before the final print run.Manuscript critiquing and/or book doctoringManuscript critiquing or book doctoring is when an editor reads your manuscript and provides a comprehensive assessment of it. Obviously, editors who offer this service should have extensi ve experience in the industry to provide valuable critique that would greatly increase an authors chance of being published. That critique might include aspects of the manuscript such as:Character development. Have your characters been developed well enough? Does your reader connect with them?Pacing. Is the pacing too fast or too slow? Could improvements be made in pacing to make the story easier to follow or understand?Dialogue. Do your characters have believable dialogue that adds dimension to them? Is the dialogue formatted correctly and is it readable?Potential holes in the story or problems with the plot. Are there missing pieces to the puzzle in your plot that might annoy readers if they are left out of the story? Are there leaps of faith in the plot that might not make sense to a large portion of readers?Its important to know that this type of editing will likely not include line editing or copyediting, unless those are specially offered as part of a package deal. Rather, an editor offering a manuscript critique will use his or her experience in the industry to give you an honest outlook on what your manuscript has to offer and what it is lacking from the point of view of traditional publishing houses and current trends in the industry.A final wordJust as editing services offered will vary, so will the professional experience of editors. Thats why its important to choose an editor who has extensive experience in the industry or field for which you are writing, and can give informed, quality feedback to help you in your publishing efforts. For example, an editor might have an impressive resume in academic research and publishing but not know much at all about publishing in a magazine. Since the world of academic writing is vastly different than that of magazine writing, an editor specializing in one will not be the best informed concerning trends and expectations in the industry of the other.

Symbolism in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark...

Rivers flow freely and calmly, and people usually go to the river to get away from the hectic world around them. With nature surrounding them, people can find peace and quietness. The Mississippi River is the largest river in the United States. It’s length and width, along with its fast flowing current, makes it an ideal scene to escape civilization. In â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, the two main characters, Huck and Jim, find peace on the Mississippi as they spend endless nights floating down stream. Becoming civilized in society is a major theme in the novel and the Mississippi river helps Huck and Jim become uncivilized as it provides them with protection from the outside world, freedom, and adventure. The†¦show more content†¦Huck and Jim have the power to do whatever they want as they escape the norms of society. When they are curious about what is going on in town, Huck simply dresses up as a girl and tries toget information: â⠂¬Å"I reckoned I would slip over to the river and find out what was going on†¦I turned up my trouser- legs to my knees and got into it. Jim hitched it behind with the hooks. I put on the sun-bonnet and tied it under my chin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (54). This creativity by both Huck and Jim is the direct result from the extra freedom that they now have while they are on Jackson’s Island, which is on the Mississippi river. They do not have to follow the rules set by Miss Watson or anyone else; they are totally free. This freedom also leads to the exploration of many places, such as the house in the middle of the river. Huck and Jimfind the house floating downstream and go inside to explore: â€Å"We paddled and got aboard- clumb in at an upstairs window†¦ we could make out a bed, and a table, and two old chairs, and lots of things around about on the floor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (50). This exploration results from the unlimited freedom that they have. This freedom also leads tomany adven tures. There are many adventures that greet Huck and Jim as they travel south down the Mississippi River. These adventures allow Huck and Jim to escape the rules of society. When the Duke and Dauphin come aboard, they decide to â€Å"dress Jim up in a King Lear’s outfit- it was a longShow MoreRelatedEssay Symbolism: the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1207 Words   |  5 Pageshave used symbolism to express certain feelings and emotions in discreet ways. What is symbolism? The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships (Dictionary.com). Numerous authors use the same denotations to illustrate different thoughts or ideas. Mark Twain uses various symbols, such as the river and the land to expose freedom and trouble in his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The AdventuresRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1212 Words   |  5 Pageshave used symbolism to express certain feelings and emotions in discreet ways. What is symbolism? The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships (Dictionary.com). Numerous authors use the same denotations to illustrate different thoughts or ideas. Mark Twain uses various symbols, such as the river and the land to expose freedom and trouble in his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The AdventuresRead MoreSamuel Clemens : The Father Of American Literature1614 Words   |  7 PagesCrucible, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are all popular examples of American Literature. Many of the most well-known written works of American Literature can be funneled back to one person, Samuel Clemens. Many people might say, who is Samuel Clemens? However, if they are informed of his â€Å"pen† name, they may form connections. Clemens wrote under the â€Å"pen† name, Mark Twain. According to the Oxford University Press, it was in 1863 in which Samuel Clemens starting signing as Mark Twain. Clemens derivedRead MoreMark Twain s Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1755 Words   |  8 PagesMark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a masterpiece and an American classic according to Alex Brink Effgen, a PhD student working on the impact of Twain’s writing (Effgen). Twain expresses the problems that faced America during the 1830s to 1870s through the poin t of a view of a boy that indirectly expresses his hate for the accepted societal rules that are placed on ideas such as racism. Twain’s use of dialect, language and symbolism express the Realism era and creates a powerful masterpieceRead MoreLife and Works of Mark Twain Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesand Works of Mark Twain Introduction Mark Twain is considered as one of the most renowned authors of his time. He attained worldwide success, very early in his professional career. Twain was mostly known for writing realistic novels, in which the language and the mindset of the people reflected the traditions and values of their environment. As he spent ample time near the Mississippi River, the symbolism of the river and its significance is reflected in his books. Overall, Mark Twain was a celebratedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s The Tale Of Adventures Of Huckleberry Fin 1468 Words   |  6 PagesII Honors November, 19th 2014 Mark Twain Mark Twain was a boy from missouri who rose to become one of america’s most iconic novelists. Twain stood out in his era by using his realistic writing style and mixing with his experience as a boy growing up in missouri, Twain wrote classics no other would dare write about at this time. Twain stepped out of societies bubble and wrote the tale of Adventures of Huckleberry Fin. Through is writing, Twain was open about the horrors of slavery andRead MoreRiver Symbolism In Huckleberry Finn1252 Words   |  6 PagesThis quote relates to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain because, Huck Finn has a friend who goes with him on his journey to the south. In a way his friend Jim becomes almost like family. They have spent all of their time together and they have been through a lot to get to the south and be free. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a valuable novel and should be included in high school curriculum because it teaches people through river symbolis m, the language used in the 1800sRead MoreMark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn2015 Words   |  9 Pagesthe latter nineteenth century, the famous author Mark Twain, less commonly known as Samuel Clemens, produced The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. A few years prior to the publishing of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain released possibly his most famous book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which is very much an adventure novel. In the early chapters of Twain’s sequel, it appears that ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is another adventure novel, and that it is just following a differentRead MoreVenturing Freedom with Mark Twain1587 Words   |  6 PagesVenturing Freedom Mark Twain, notable for his works in the late 19th century, grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, and worked as a riverboat pilot along the Mississippi River. Missouri was a slave state; it was there that Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, as well as the ideas and practices of racism and inequality that dominated American life during that period. Although freedom was the basis of America’s foundation, the novel is written during a time that freedom is often in questionRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1508 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning of his writing is Mark Twain. By using satire, he humorously draws attention to some issues faced in American culture and other places around the world. A perfect example of his use of satire is his novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain’s widely read novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn uses satire as a tool to expose a few key issues faced in America, which are organized religion, violence in A merican culture, human ignorance and gullibility. In 1861, Mark Twain visited Salt Lake City

Gandhi An Icon Of Social Justice And Nonviolent...

Gandhi, as an icon of social justice and nonviolent resistance has captivated the hearts of people all over the world. Gandhi is a remarkable individual who was able to do something rarely seen in the history of revolutions and political struggles. Gandhi was able to unite a bitterly divided country of people to peacefully bring down one of the most powerful political entities in world history; The British Empire. Gandhi has a powerful life story which has been recreated in films such as â€Å"Gandhi† (1982), â€Å"The Making of Mahatma† (1996) and â€Å"Gandhi, My Father† (2007). These three films help to communicate a well-rounded portrait of who Gandhi was. Each film portrays Gandhi in a slightly different way that highlights and emphasizes different elements of his leadership, his relationship with his family and his personal character. A strong characteristic of Gandhi shown in the three films is his role as a leader. Gandhi demonstrates the characteristics of what it truly looks like to both lead and represent his people. While many nations are often represented by powerful, noble aristocratic men who cannot relate to the average common person, Gandhi does all he can to humble himself to the average Indian because he knows that people will be better mobilized under his leadership if Gandhi represents their best interests. Gandhi was not always like this. In the films â€Å"Gandhi† and â€Å"The Making of Mahatma,† Gandhi dresses like an Englishmen and desires to be treated with high respectShow MoreRelatedPatriotism and People Who Commit Acts of Civil Disobedience Essay2107 Words   |  9 Pagesright to disobey laws that they know to be unjust. Yet by this measure, the heroes of the past such as the American colonists, abolitionists, women’s suffragists, Gandhi, Martin Luther King Junior, Ros a Parks, and Nelson Mandela would be little more than common criminals. All of these heroes broke the law in the name of a greater justice, and today all of them are revered as being the most patriotic of all people. The attribution of patriotism to people who commit acts of civil disobedience is lawfulRead MoreEssay Religion and Politics in Tibet4517 Words   |  19 Pages Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, is the spiritual and political leader of an ancient people without a country, and is the binding and driving force behind Tibetan nonviolent resistance and cultural rebuilding. He was born July 6, 1935, making him 69 years old. He has lived all but 15 of these 69 years in exile from his country, continually being a main reason for their survival. The Dalai Lama is now considering his successor, and plans to do so through democratic means instead of theRead MoreIs Rosa Parks a True Hero2506 Words   |  11 Pagesup. When another white man boarded, the driver ordered Parks and three blacks seated next to her to move. Parks refused and was arrested. This act of individual resistance, especially in a time where there was lynching for blacks who stepped out of line was rare, especially for a woman. Although it seems insignificant, Parks’ resistance on Dec. 1, 1955 changed the course of history and led to her other major accomplishments, eventually making her an American Hero.2 Sparked by the arrest of RosaRead MoreThe Rise of African-Americans from 1865 to 2012, Their Struggles to Become Free Americans3047 Words   |  13 Pagessparked the famous Montgomery bus boycott that was organized by another soon to be famous person, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Kings involvement in the Civil Rights Movement made him an icon. King idea was to make a statement using a non-violent approach. â€Å"Following closely with the nonviolent philosophy of Gandhi (the leader of India during its movement for independence; he was assassinated in 1948), King and the Southern Black Church assumed the mantle of civil rights leadership† (Bowles, 2011)Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesThis page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that haveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesperspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard

The Canterbury Tales Free Essays

This affect of creating characters who are unaware of how they are perceived by others is expertly shown in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. The narrator of the story establishes that he too is also a character. In his book, even though he calls himself Chaucer, the reader should be cautious to take his words as his own opinion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Canterbury Tales or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Prologue the narrator depicts himself as an amicable character, but then he is blamed to be sullen. Relying on his memory, the narrator describes his impressions of the other pilgrims based on whether or not he likes them, and what specifically he chooses to remember, or not to remember. This method is referred to as a unreliable narrator. In the case of the â€Å"Pardoner† Chaucer’s narrator is a very unreliable character. Proving this, the Pardoner sings â€Å"Com hider, love, to me! a ballad with which is accompanied by the Summoner, degrading his already questionable virtue of a man that works with the Church. Presenting himself as a man of ambiguous sexual nature, the Pardoner further challenges the social normalcy of the the Church. The Pardoner also takes with him on his journey to Canterbury the tools of his trade, which are objects that are used to deceive others in to thinking they are worth more than they appear, like the other pilgrims on the trip. The Pardoner finds out that special relics are valued on this pilgrimage, and he wishes to make a profit any way he can by selling materials to the other pilgrims whether it be pieces of paper with promises to forgive their sins or animal bones to ward off evil. Furthermore, the Pardoner preaches a sermon on greed that illustrates his own hypocrisy. The narrator is unable to see how the Pardoner deceives those around him, and fails to see who he really is thus showing the reader how the narrator of the story cannot always be trusted, but provides the reader with an interesting angle. How to cite The Canterbury Tales, Essay examples The Canterbury Tales Free Essays There are many characters in the poem The Canterbury Tales, and some of them are more important than others. The Prioress, The Wife of Bath, and the Pardoner are some of the most important characters. They have some similarities and some differences, though they all have a purpose in the story. We will write a custom essay sample on The Canterbury Tales or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Prioress is a bashful, sensitive, emotional woman. She overreacts over any small tragedy such as the death of a small animal. She is compassionate and proper. The Prioress wears a broach with the inscription All things are subject unto love. She is foolishly sentimental and pays harsh attention to manners. She struggles to be well mannered and sophisticated but it is all phony. Chaucer describes her as the image of absolute beauty and righteousness of the day. She is a gentlewoman with a simple and coy smile (91). Her nose was elegant, her eyes glass-gray, her mouth small, soft and red, and her forehead fair of spread (93). She likes to eat, and she will not let any morsel go untouched. She speaks French very well, has perfect table manners, and likes being proper. The Prioress s behavior is scarcely nun-like, although it is not evil or exactly disobedient. She maintains some of the vainness of her pre-convent days, but this is because she is such a well-bred young women. The Wife of Bath is the most flamboyant of the travelers and she thinks very highly of herself. She was a plump, elaborate, jolly, bold, lusty, and voluptuous woman. She symbolizes Chaucer s grandmother. The Wife of Bath ahs been married five times and is looking for her next husband. She is a weaver and makes fine cloth. She wears bright red clothing of different variations, meant to catch the attention of others. The Wife of Bath is opinionated and energetic. She is the most noteworthy of the travelers low on the social scale. Chaucer indicates that she is quite promiscuous. The Wife of Bath shows off her body, mainly her legs. She displays her Sunday clothes with immense pride and makes sure to announce herself conceitedly. She speaks of ten of the upper hand a woman must maintain in marriage, and claims to know the remedies of love, or the rules of the game (100). The Wife of Bath appears to be a controlling wife, who wants nothing but authority over all men. She is a very envious woman, who desires only a few simple things in life. The Wife of Bath desires the obvious in life, but what she most desires above all is being more powerful than her man, her spouse, and her lover. The Pardoner is an audaciously dishonest man. He is extremely self-loathing yet loyal to his task of swindling people of their money by making them believe that they have sinned and need to buy pardons. Chaucer compares him to a gelding or a mare (104). Chaucer makes it clear that it is difficult to tell if the Pardoner is a man or a woman. He could not grow a beard, he did not wear a hat, and his hair was fairly long. He is a hypocrite. He tells people they have sinned and need to purchase a pardon from him, while the whole time he is sinning. He is one of the worst and disrespectable of all the travelers. He was very graceful and in church he was a noble ecclesiast (104). He liked to sing and he would sometimes get tips for it so he sang a lot more. These three characters do not act like they are suppose to. The Prioress does not keep her vowels of the convent well, the Wife of Bath does not keep her commitment to her husbands, and the Pardoner does not keep his vowel to do justice. They are all self-centered and don t care about anyone else. The Wife of Bath and the Pardoner are worried about having money and being in control (power). The Wife of Bath and the Pardoner are evil and do wrong things. The Prioress and the Wife of Bath both want a man, though the Prioress isn t allowed to have one. The Prioress is quieter than the Wife of Bath and the Pardoner. She also is has not done bad things like the other two have. The Wife of Bath is more controlling than the other two because she wants to be in control of everything. The Pardoner tries to get money out of people by lying to them about their sins. Although these three characters have a lot in common, they have differences too. Though they are some of the lowest in society, they are some of the most important characters in this poem. How to cite The Canterbury Tales, Essay examples

Diversity of Family in Contemporary Times

Question: Discuss about the Diversity of Family in Contemporary Times. Answer: Introduction A family is a social unit that consists of people related by blood, marriage or adoption. As part of social change, familys role change with the modern trends that are experienced in the world today. In the contemporary society, the family structure has changed compared to traditional society in that a family is not taken to be a serious unit as it was. Among the many roles of the family in the society today, one is participating in the formation of moral, social and values in modern life. These values are crucial in lives of a developing child since learning begins in this period. According to the National Quality framework (NQF), every child from any given family has a right to quality education, quality care in his/her early life that results to better health, education as well as quality employment opportunities later in life(Davis, J Smith, 2012). Early childhood education in Australia in this case is crucial and has been the main component of the countrys government NQF, with t hree key emphasis on child care. These are belonging, being and becoming (Breunig Gong Trott, 2014). Attachment theory in line with the concept of early childhood education expounds on the importance of forming positive relationship with a child to enhance socialization (Newton, 2008). Every family is formed on specific cultural foundations that give them a sense of identification though they are not static. The family structure has evolved with time, with technical advancement in the society, new behaviors have slowly developed making the family form new adaptation modes. Body The Influence of Cultural Background on Family units. A family is a unit that is formed on the basis of a given social-cultural foundations that gives it a sense of belonging. Since culture is a way of life of a given group of people, different beliefs, values, and norms involved influence a way of life of a given family. In the basis of education, health care, career objectives, counseling among other multicultural factors family units have been greatly influenced. A culture dictates what is to be followed and passed to the familys generations to come, example, in education sector where some still emphasis in pupils learning through community languages, girls and boys are not expected to be at the same level in that girls are related to the so-called average levels unlike the boys who should go to an inch higher to prove the society right of their abilities (Goel et al. 2012). Health care provision in multicultural societies has followed different models that reflect their specific cultural histories, some communities still believe in traditional herbs due to their culture rather than adopting the modern medication. These influences have been seen in the early childhood learning where parenting role has changed as women do not carefully give attention to the young ones as expected and do not enroll in institutions where they receive care since their culture dictates so (Dixon Queensland, 2010). Socializing them into their culture also has proved greatly to be a challenge as they are expected to learn by themselves as they develop. Historical Perspective of Family Structure and its Adaptations over the Past two Decades. In the past, family structure was based on strong patriarchal beliefs and values. Roles were exceptionally classified and inelastic where women were caretakers of the children and the household at large and also protected family values and customs. The man was in authority and women authority was only shown in the absence of the man. On the other hand, men were sexually and socially free to interact with other women in the society but were expected to be the sole providers of the family needs (Hareven,2013). This has changed in the past two decades in that, women as well are expected to provide and have authority even in the presence of the man. Technical advancement has also been key to these changes since security cameras are available to watch over the households thus giving the woman adequate freedom, introduction of day cares and home caregivers in the past two decades also has enhanced quality care given to the children while the woman can only pay for the services and not be p resent always. Also in the past, marriages were usually arranged by the parents thus forming alliances between families as a way of maintaining economic interests and power as their first priority. In the past two decades, marriage is formed on the basis of love and affection of two partners with an aim of achieving their own aims (Peers Fleer, 2014). Functionalist perspective by George Peter Murdock showcases the family as a reproduction field to enable the continuation of next generation as well as the basis for the socialization of the newborn by teaching them basic norms and values in the historic times(Karago?zog?lu,2017). This has changed in the past two decades as the reproduction role is not observed as some opt for adoption rather than birth while others dont want to have kids. Talcott Parsons in the functionalist perspective also gives evolution of nuclear family from extended family and changing its roles in the past two decades (Leggett Ford, 2013). The extended family with the pre-industrial society was solemnly responsible for the education of children unlike in the past two decades where the nuclear family with the industrial society are not responsible at all. Conclusion Benefits in providing an inclusive environment for all families are major merits to both parents and the child in the provision of care at early learning stages. Some of these include; Improved support for childrens learning and development via appropriate learning frameworks. Identification of educators with appropriate skills needed to enhance early childhood learning. Following set professional ethics on early childhood educators. Favorable educator to child ratios to help ensure that all children have greater individual care and attention for the children at all times. Theoretical perspectives are very important to help early childhood educator understand the cultural foundations of every child to help on how to handle the child during care provision. Also through contemporary frameworks, the educator is able to understand the rights of every child and what the law expects of the educator and his/her rights in relation to supporting the learning and development of every child the society. References Arthur, L., Beecher, B., Death, E., Dockett, S., Farmer, S. (2015). Programming and planning in early childhood settings. Australian Children's Education and Care Quality Authority. (2012). Guide to the National Quality Standard. Benevolent Society (N.S.W.). (2008). The Benevolent Society submission to a national quality frameworkfor early childhood education and care, September 2008. Paddington, N.S.W.: Benevolent Society Breunig, R. V., Gong, X., Trott, D. (2014). The New National Quality Framework: Quantifying Some of the Effects on Labour Supply, Child Care Demand and Household Finances for Two-Parent Households. Economic Record, 90(288), 1-16. doi:10.1111/1475-4932.12059 Davis, J. E., Smith, M. E. (2012). Working in Multi-professional Contexts : A Practical Guide for Professionals in Children's Services. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Dixon, N., Queensland. (2010). Child care in Queensland: Framework and recent amendments to the Child Care Act 2002 (Qld). Brisbane: Queensland Parliamentary Librar Goel, S., Mazzola, P., Phan, P. H., Pieper, T. M., Zachary, R. K. (2012). Strategy, ownership, governance, and socio-psychological perspectives on family businesses from around the world. Journal Of Family Business Strategy, 3(Family Businesses from a World Perspective - Strategic, Ownership, Governance, and Socio-Psychological Heterogeneity), 54-65. doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.03.005 Hareven, T. K. (2013). Transitions: The Family and the Life Course in Historical Perspective. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Karago?zog?lu, B. (2017). Science and technology from global and historical perspectives Leggett, N., Ford, M. (2013). A fine balance: understanding the roles educators and children play as intentional teachers and intentional learners within the Early Years Learning Framework. Australasian Journal Of Early Childhood, (4), 42. Newton, R. P. (2008). The attachment connection: Parenting a secure confident child using the science of attachment theory. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Peers, C., Fleer, M. (2014). The Theory of Belonging: Defining concepts used within Belonging, Being and BecomingThe Australian Early Years Learning Framework. Educational Philosophy Theory, 46(8), 914-928.

legal position of directors Essay Example

legal position of directors Essay LEGAL POSITION OF THE DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY Mrs. Kamya Rani Mrs. Sukhbir Kaurl A company is an artificial person created by law. It functions through human agents who are collectively called Board of Directors. They are termed as Trustees of the assets of the company who sees that company business is carried on in accordance with the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company. They decides policies of the company keeping in view the main objects for which the company was formed. Only an Individual is eligible for appointment as a Director of the company. There are various types of directors: 1 . Executive Directors i. e Managing Director, Whole time director 2. Non Executive Director Nominee Director Institutional Nominee Promotional Institutional Nominee Lending Institutional Nominee Holding company nominee Collaborator Nominee Government Nominee us. 48B Debenture holder Nominee Independent Director Others The individual cannot be a director for more than 15 public limited companies. The Directors of the company are custodians of the interest of the stakeholders which includes: (i) Employees Shareholders Creditors Customers Society It is not easy to explain the position that a director holds in a corporate enterprise. A director is not a servant of any master. He is the controller of the companys affairs. Director of a company is neither an employee nor a servant to the company. They are professional people who were hired by the company to direct its affairs. However there is no restriction under the Act, that a director cannot be an employee to the company. In Lee v. Lees Air Farming Ltd 1961 AC 12, it was held that, a director may, however, work as an employee in different capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on legal position of directors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on legal position of directors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on legal position of directors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is no definite definition for irector under the Companies Act, 1956. Director includes any person who is occupying the position of a director, whatever name called. Director As Agents In Ferguson v. Wilson (1866) 2 Ch App 77, the court clearly recognised that directors are in the eyes of law, agents of the company. It was held that, the company has no person; it can act only through directors and the case is, as regards those directors, merely the ordinary case of a principal and agent. When the directors contract in the name, and on behalf of the company, it is the company which is liable on it and not the directors. In Elkington Co. v. Hurter 1892(2) CH 452, where the plaintiff supplied certain goods to a company tnrougn Its cnalrman, wno promlsea to Issue nlm a debenture for the price, but never did so and company went into liquidation, he was held not liable to the plaintiff. Similarly, a director was held to be personally not liable in a suit against a private chit fund company. Attachment of the property of the director was held to be not permissible. Like agents, directors have to disclose their personal interest, if any, in any transaction of the company. In Ray Cylinders Containers v. Hindustan General Industries Ltd(2001) 103 CC 161, held that, the directors are the agents of the institution and not of its individual members, except when that relationship arises due to the special facts of the case. Also granted permission to file a suit against a company was not allowed to be treated as permission against directors as well. In Sarathi Leasing Finance Ltd v. B Narayana Shetty(2006) 131 CC 798, the articles of association empowered the managing director to represent the company in legal proceedings. It was held that a further authorization was not necessary to enable im to file a complaint for dishonor of cheque under Sec. 138 of Negotiable Instrument Act. Directors are the agents of a company. They are acting on behalf of the company. So the directors cannot be held personally liable for any default of the company. It was held that, for a loan taken by a company, the directors, who had not given any personal guarantee to the creditor, could not be made liable merely because they were directors. Director As Trustees Directors are the trusties of the companys money, property and their powers and such must account for all the moneys over which they exercise control and shall efund any moneys improperly paid away, and shall exercise their powers honestly in the interest of the company and all the shareholders, and not their own sectional interest. To whom the directors are trustee? Whether to the company or to the individual shareholders. This principle was laid down in 1902 in Percival v. Wright, and still holds ground as a basic proposition. In this case the court held that, directors have no duty towards individual shareholders. From this it is very clear that, the directors are trustees to the company and not of individual shareholders. The principle of the case was reiterated in Peskin v. Anderson. Ordinarily the directors are not agents or trustees of members or shareholders and owe no fiduciary duties to them. However we have to take the decision of Allen v. Hyatt(1914) 30 TLR 444. It was held that, the directors are trustees of the profit for the benefit of the shareholders. They cannot always act under the impression that they owe no duty to the individual shareholders. But it is of no doubt that the primary duty of the director is to the company. Director As Organs Of Corporate Body The organic theory of corporate life treats certain officials as organs of the company, or whose action the company is held liable Just as a natural person is for the action of his limbs. Thus the modern directors are more than mere agents or trustees. The Board is also correctly recognised to be a primary organ of the company. Directors and managers represent the directing mind or will of the company and control what it does. The state of mind of these managers is the state of mind of the company and is treated by law as such. The practical effects of these rules are that the directors personal fault in the business of the company becomes the fault of the company; nelr reason to Delleve Is attrlDutea to tne company ana tne Intentlon to occupy a premises as expressed by their conduct is the intention of the company. CHANGES MADE BY THE NEW COMPANIES ACT, 2013 The 1956 Act prescribed minimum 2 directors for a private and 3 for a public company respectively to constitute a Board. This criterion has been retained by the new Act, but the maximum limit of directors on the Board has now been raised from 12 to 15. The Act has also removed the stringent compliance of securing prior Central Government approval for raising the number of directors beyond the prescribed limit nd, instead, a comparatively simpler method of approval by means of a special resolution of the shareholders has been introduced. Additionally, new changes include mandatory presence of independent directors on the Board of listed public companies and minimum one woman director in the case of certain class of companies to be notified later, thereby bringing more transparency and gender equality into the Board rooms. The legislation clearly defines the role of such independent directors and has a detailed Code for independent directors appended to it, which contains explicit guidelines for professional conduct, roles and esponsibilities of such directors. They are bound by this Code to play a role in the appointments, determination of remuneration and removal of executive directors, managers and key managerial personnel. In view of the fiduciary position held by directors, explicit provisions prescribing directors duties have been added to the new Act. These include keeping away from situations in which they have conflicting interest with that of the company, duty to make good in monetary terms any undue gain/advantage on the part of the directors etc. Independent directors: The provision o make companies have one-third of their board members as independent directors is fine in principle. Independent directors (IDs) are also more stringently defined, and their tenures will be limited to two terms adding up to 10 years. IDs can also hold a maximum of 20 directorships. The best thing about the new Companies Act is that it is simple, with greater clarity of intent and purpose. Sounds good? But there are pitfalls. For three reasons. First, how independent can IDs be when they are appointed and paid for by the promoters? Will promoters appoint truly independent people on boards? Second, are there enough persons available to be appointed as IDs? In theory, yes, because there are no qualifications for becoming an ID. But, in practice, once you tell the prospective person the responsibilities he will bear, the actual number of competent and willing IDs diminishes. Most IDs, in fact, end up adorning corporate boards without the time or commitment to work in the interests of shareholders. Third, if eligible IDs end up taking up 20 directorships each, how can they really serve each of those companies shareholders diligently? According to a CNBC TV18 report, AnalJit Singh of Max India, for example, attended only one out of 4 board meeting of Dabur in three years, before he resigned. How did he really help protect Daburs shareholder interests by remaining absent? The conclusion: it is good to have many IDs, but corporate governance will need a heavy dose of regulation too to complete the picture. Women directors: It is important for corporate boards to ensure gender diversity, but before that happens, a supply of women eligible for board positions needs to be created. According to GMI Ratings Women on Boards Survey 2013, even on the worlds best-known companies, women account for only 1 1 ercent 0T total alrectorsnlps. In Inala, a sample 0T BY companies witn more tnan S billion in market valuation, the women percentage is less than 7 percent. And we are talking only about the biggest companies here. Clearly, major efforts will have to be made to create more women directors, but before that there have to be more women reaching the top of the corporate hierarchy. The legislation should act as a spur to womens empowerment, but compliance could be years away. Refrences Company Law, Bangia Company Law, PranJape wmwmanupatra. com www. companylawreporter. com www. caclubindia. com

KLEIN Surname Meaning and Family History

KLEIN Surname Meaning and Family History Similar to the English surname Little, Klein is  a  descriptive surname often bestowed on someone of short or petite stature. The name derives from  the German klein or Yiddish kleyn, meaning little. The klein root is also  often found used as a surname to distinguish a younger man of the same name, usually a son, in names such as Kleinhans and Kleinpeter. Alternate Surname Spellings:  CLEIN, CLINE, KLINE, KLEINE Surname Origin: German, Dutch Where is the KLEINSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Klein is a very  common surname in Germany where it ranks as the countrys 11th most popular surname. It is also common in Israel, where it ranks 23rd and the Netherlands, where it ranks 36th.   WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicates that within Germany, Klein is  most common in Saarland, followed by Rheinland-Pfalz. Its also very common in the Germany-bordering regions of France, including Alsace and Lorraine. Surname maps from Verwandt.de indicate that the Klein surname is present in the largest numbers in western Germany, in places such as Kà ¶ln, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, Saarlouis, Stadtverband Saarbrà ¼cken, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, and Oberbergischer Kreis, as well as in the cities of Berlin, Hamburg and Munich.   Famous People with the KLEIN Last Name Yves Klein - French painter and sculptorLawrence Klein  - American economistCalvin Klein  - American fashion designerJacob Theodor Klein  - German botanist, zoologist and politicianEmanuel Edward Klein - Croatian-born bacteriologist Genealogy Resources for the Surname KLEIN Little/Klein/Cline/Kline Y-Chromosome ProjectThis DNA project includes over 85 members with the surnames Little, Klein, Kline, or Cline interested in working collaboratively to combine genealogy research with DNA testing to sort out Little family lines. German Surname Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to surname meanings and origins from Germany. How to Research German  AncestryLearn how to research your German family tree with this guide to genealogical records in Germany, including birth, marriage, death, census, military and church records. Klein Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Klein  family crest or coat of arms for the Klein surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   KLEIN  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Klein surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Klein genealogy query. FamilySearch - KLEIN  GenealogyExplore over 3.9  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Klein surname, as well as online Klein family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Klein  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Klein  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com - KLEIN  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Klein. The Klein  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Klein  from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Anishinaabe Social Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anishinaabe Social Movement - Essay Example Anishinaabe children as their first language learn Anishinaabemowin directly from their parents. Anishinaabe and Anishinini distribution started around 1800 to 1900. The spelling of the name Anishinaabe varied greatly with variants ending in -eg/ek for example in Anishinaabeg and Anishinabek) originate from plural of Algonquian, while those that end in an -e originate from a singular of Algonquian. The primary cause of loss or decline of indigenous language such as Anishinaabe in North America is the onset of European colonization and wars in 1492 to 1776. In 1637, for example Pequot war almost brings Pequots to extinction and led to influx of pilgrims who took the land (Simpson, 2000). In 1641 colonists from Europe introduced scalping by giving bounties for Indian scalps. Ojibwe pushed downward along the sides of Lake Huron during these conflicts with the Iroquois and by the end of 1701 they controlled major parts of southern Ontario and Lower Michigan. The Ojibwe, who have been spreading westward for generations, arrive at the land currently called Minnesota. They came across the forest-dwelling people of Dakota occupying there already. The further spread of the Ojibwe group into Wisconsin and Minnesota resulted in contact with the Eastern, or Santee Dakota. In the War of 1812 (1812-1814) America declared the war on British Empire and as a result French and Brits are no longer threats as Anishinaabe autonym. The Treaty of Prairie du Chien established border between Ojibwe and Dakota in the Michigan territory (Minnesota) on August 19, 1825. The Ojibwe people moved to the current homes in Prairie Provinces of Canada where they are calling themselves Nakawē. In an attempt to spread languages of European in the Americas were driven by the desire of colonists’ in push for administrative efficiency, and have now condemned the cultural and racial European supremacy notions (Lipsitz, 2008). After

Managment Class and Self-Awareness for Team Membership Case Study

Managment Class and Self-Awareness for Team Membership - Case Study Example On the other Mia is willing to analyze other’s work and only bring out the change by taking corrective measures if necessary. 2. Carver is more inclined towards lower wanted to control (wC) and high expressed control score in FIRO-B analysis. Also, he likes to take control and finds delegation difficult with being very competitive as well. He is a loner who likes to rebel against the controls imposed on him whereas Mia has high expressed and wanted control which makes her like structures and procedures while recognizing authorities of others. Craver further has a higher internal locus of control and perceives the high activity as a precursor to success (Mindtools, 2013b). A simple example can be his argument with his boss in which he believes that he single-handedly increased company’s sales and only same approach can produce results. He is highly achievement-oriented along with being arrogant and a strong want to control everything. Mia has a moderate locus of control which makes her a believer in personal skills and influence of external environment. She believed that corrective measures needed to be taken in Chinese franchise should include standardization as well localization and in order to convince her Chinese manager, she traveled to China herself instead of maintaining a virtual communication. When analyzed about tolerance of ambiguity, Carver shows complexity out of other dimensions (Tyran, n.d). He undertook several projects that required fast and quality results and presented better product like than his competitors. Mia, on the other hand, shows novelty on the scale of tolerance of ambiguity. She lacked international exposure however while meeting her manager in China, she had a certain comfort level with the situation in hand. After comparing Carver and Mia’s personalities  on the scale of MBTI testing, it is evident that Carver is a Mastermind (INTJ) who is introverted, logical and highly attentive towards details whereas Mia is a Supervisor (ESTJ) which makes her a strong believer in rules along with having preference for tried methods (Myers et al., 1998).  

Save the Animals Animal Testing Paper

Save the Animals Animal Testing Paper Melanie Sellner A poor animal shivers in a cage waiting for the researchers to return and continue testing. Dogs, cats, hamsters, mice, and primates are only a few of the many animals that are tested on daily. Even though some animal testing has been successful most are flawed because animals are too different from humans; therefore it should be stopped. Libby was a dog rescued from a lab, along with 250 other cats and dogs, that was shut down because of a PETA investigation. She crawled up to people, too scared to stand, the only thing separating her from the others was the number on her ear. She had hookworm, tapeworm, a vaginal infection and her teeth were rotten. The lab where she was rescued from was paid to infest dogs or cats with worms ticks and fleas. Then the animals were force-fed or smeared with chemicals to test products for companions.The PETA investigation showed they kicked, threw and dragged dogs. They lifted puppies by their throats and screamed at the animals. This investigation prompted the lab to fire four people; one was a supervisor, on felony cruelty charges. After her rescue, Libby is happy with her new family, playing tug-o-war and wrestling with the two other dogs the family owns(@peta). Of the millions of animals that are used in research facilities, the Animal Welfare Act or AWA does not cover rats, mice, fish and birds, which comprise around 95% of the animals used in research(Animal). The AWA-covered 1,134,693 animals used for testing in the fiscal year 2010, which leaves around 25 million other animals that are not covered(Animal). These animals are especially vulnerable to mistreatment and abuse without the protection of the AWA. The bodily structure, the chemical reactions used to keep cells alive, and cellular differences between animals and people make animals poor models for human beings. Paul Furlong, Professor of Clinical Neuroimaging at Aston University (UK), states that its very hard to create an animal model that even equates closely to what were trying to achieve in the human(Animal).   Thomas Hartung, Professor of Evidence-Based Toxicology at John Hopkins University, argues for alternatives to animal testing because we are not 70 kg rats(Animal). Animal testing . Many animals used in experiments are force fed, forced to inhale, food and water deprivation, prolonged physical restraint, burned or are inflicted with other types wounds to study how they heal. The causing of pain to study its effects and remedies is cruel and inhumane. Killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, or other means are some of the ways these poor animals die. One example of cruel testing is the Draize eye test which involves rabbits being forced to keep their eyes open, with clips, for prolonged periods of time and is used by cosmetic companies to test produces. Another commonly used test is the   LD50 (lethal dose 50) test which involves finding out how much of a chemical will kill 50% of the animals being used in the experiment. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported in 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments and were given no anesthesia for relief(Animal). Jane Goodall is a chimpanzee specialist who has studied them for 50 years; she received a video of an animal testing lab and was horrified by what she saw. Chimps in the wild are close, supportive and have affectionate bonds between family members that last throughout their lives. They have nonverbal communication patterns of posture and touch that are similar to ours, like   kissing, embracing, patting one another, swaggering, wave their fists, tickling and laughing. They even have a sense of humor and a sense of self that sets them apart. On the other hand chimp in cages, like the young, who lose their mothers may show signs of depression comparable to those of a socially deprived human child. Chimps show a variety of stereotypic stress behaviors, such as rocking, swaying, moving from side to side, and repetitiously banging on the mesh of their cages, the walls or the ceiling. And when researchers come to retrieve a patient the procedure causes extreme panic. Most researchers couldnt care less about the animals in many cases. Animals stay in metal cages with no bedding or enrichment activities. Baby chimpanzees wearing diapers, clinging to each other, in their sterile cages. The cages of the adults were small and absolutely bare. There might be one shelf on which a chimpanzee could sit. When the staff, with gloves and masks, showed adult chimpanzees syringes the chimps would shy away and wouldnt come, when this happened a capture gun was used. The sight of the gun caused panic with all the chimps. When the gun was used, the researchers did nothing to calm the panicked chimps. The chimps in the video were gradually confined to a smaller and smaller space. When researchers would sedate chimpanzees they didnt care if the chimp was on a perch and would fall. Jane Goodall didnt see any chimpanzee being given a reward-not even a kind or encouraging word when they did something correct. One researcher put an orange outside the cage where it coul d not be reached by the chimpanzee who rocked from side to side in depression. Most researchers have a lack of concern for the psychological welfare of the chimpanzees and that needs to change.(Goodall). Animal research has few successful results, is cruel and should be stopped. Hundreds of millions of animals lives can be saved if animal research is stopped. You can help by buying cruelty-free products or donate to foundations like PETAs Rescue and Investigations fund to help them continue to investigate cruelty and seek justice for the animal victims. Works Cited @peta. Life After the Laboratory: Libbys Story. PETA Life After the Laboratory Libbys Story  Comments. PETA People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 18 Oct. 2016. Animal Testing ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. ProCon.org, 25 May 2016. Web. 18 Oct.  2016. Goodall, Jane. Jane Goodall Responds to Undercover Chimpanzee Investigation. : The  Humane Society of the United States. The Humane Society of the United States, 4 Mar. 2009. Web. 19 Oct. 2016.

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Health And Social Care Essay

COPD is common worldwide contributes to major disablement every bit good as economic and societal load. More than 30 million Americans have COPD. Deaths from COPD numbered 118,774 in 2001. It remain 4th taking cause of decease in united provinces. Over the past 20 old ages their decease rate has increased about three creases. 20.1 Per 100,000 in 1980. 56.7 Per 100,000 in 2000. COPD likely highest in England when comparison to the remainder of Europe, particularly in the major Centres of industry. Approximately 5 % of population in Sweden have jobs caused from COPD disease. 35000 sweds is annually placed into infirmary for intervention for heavy external respiration job caused by COPD. In Sweden approximately 2000 individual died of COPD disease annually.PHYSIOTHERAPY IN COPDPhysiotherapy is frequently required to assist clear secernment and cut down work of external respiration, including non invasive airing to forestall cannulation. Physiotherapy must therefore include educating the patient and household about Restoration and care of exercising tolerance and self direction. Physiotherapy is hence best provided in the signifier of pneumonic rehabilitation. To live over any bronchospasm and ease the remotion of secernments. To better the form of external respiration, take a breathing control and control of dyspnea. To learn local relaxation, better position and aid still fright and anxiousness. To increase the cognition of the patient about lung status and control of the symptoms. Improve exercising tolerance and guarantee a long term committedness to exercisings. To cut down the perceptual experience of shortness of breath. To better the functional capacity. To cut down the degree of anxiousness for physical activity.Effects OF CHEST WALL STRETCHING IN COPDChest wall musculuss stretching techniques increases critical capacity and scope of gesture. Keeping respiratory musculus map of critical importance for the respiratory system. The stretching of musculus fibers promotes consecutive addition in the figure of sarcomeres. Increase the volume of the splanchnic mass, inappropriate position, respiratory disease, and musculus failing and aging. Muscle stretching technique addition flexibleness and hurts. Prevent the musculus from responding sufficient extremum tenseness, which evolves to muscle failing, abjuration.Need For The StudyAlthou gh intercessions to change by reversal failing in peripheral musculuss, are in common usage, secondary postural malformations can happen in response to hyper rising prices and increased work of take a breathing in COPD patients. Postural alterations can include elevated, protracted or abducted shoulder blade with medially rotated humerus and crookback spinal malformations. Since, hyper rising prices of the thorax, topographic points pectoralis major musculus in a sawed-off place it increases the opposition of chest wall to spread out, farther increasing the work of external respiration. The intent of this survey was aimed at stretching the shortened pectoral muscle major musculuss utilizing the clasp relax PNF technique and integrating pectoral mobility exercises to change by reversal the alterations in the chest wall following COPD.HypothesisNull hypothesisThere is no important difference in the dyspnea degree and shoulder horizontal extension following hold relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings.Alternate hypothesisThere is important difference in the dyspnea degree and shoulder horizontal extensions following clasp relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings.CHAPTER – TwoREVIEW OF LITERATUREKimm ( 1987 )Respiratory musculuss stretching better airing and tissue oxygenation improves the activity of day-to-day life and quality of life.Kahisaki et al. , ( 1999 )The elongation of the respiratory musculuss might better pectoral enlargement and lessening dyspnea in COPD patients.Hamer A, Mahler A, Daubensperh.1967Respiratory musculus stretching m ay heighten respiratory musculus map and cut down dyspnea in diagnostic patients with mild COPD.Levso, Honvoh F 1982,Stretching exercisings are a good 1 for the COPD patients and showed to be better the quality of life of patients.Magadle R, Mc Connel AX, Beckerman M,Inspiratory musculus preparation provides extra benefits to patients undergoing pneumonic rehabilitation plan.Moore AJ, StubbingsA, 2006,Concluded that COPD consequences non merely alteration in musculus fiber type distribution, but in a structural alteration in the titin molecule in all musculus fibre type with in the stop.M.Estenne, PA Gevenois, W KinnerIn many patients with chronic failing of the respiratory muscles the cut down the lung distensability does non look to be caused by microatelectasis, it might be related to changes in snap of the lung tissues.Hideko minoguchi, Hirotaka TanakaRespiratory musculus stretch may hold clinically important benefits, which may be slightly different from the benefit of inspirat ory musculus preparation, in patients with COPD.M.Jeffy mador, MD, Omar Deniz MDThe endurance of the respiratory musculuss can be improved by specific developing beyond that achieved by endurance developing entirely in patients with COPD.Eleine Paulin, Antonio ternando Bruneto 2003.Our consequences suggest that exercises aimed that pectoral enlargement better thoracic enlargement, quality of life bombers maximum exercising capacity, every bit good as cut down dyspnea and depression in COPD patients.PJ Wijkstra, EM tenvergart R, new wave AltenaThis survey is first show the rehabilitation at place for three months followed by one time monthly physical therapy Sessionss improve quality of life over 18 months ; the alteration in quality of life was non associated with a alteration in exercising tolerance.Havver A, Mahler DA 1989Target inspiratory musculus stretching may heighten respiratory musculus map and cut down dyspnea in diagnostic patients with COPD.Camargo CA, Clarks Kenney PA.A dditions slow critical capacity significantly correlated with dyspnoea betterment among exigency section patients with COPD.Montaldo et al. , 2000The greater pectoral enlargement might better the length tenseness ratio of the respiratory muscles diminish the sensory nerve stimulation for cardinal respiratory control and cut down dyspnea.Teddoro montemayor et al. , 2006Suggested that a simple place based plan of exercising preparation achieved betterment is exercise tolerance, station attempt dyspnea, and quality of life in COPD patients.Mario grassi MD, marica pecis 2009A disease oriented place attention plan is effectual in cut downing mortality in COPD patients.Manuel gimenz, Pedro vergara 2000A maximally intense stretching exercising plan can be created for most COPD patients that can significantly better respiratory musculus strength and endurance.Denna swart out-corbeil R.N, Davison A.M 2006Physical exercising is designed to better respiratory efficiency promote, enlargement of lung and, chest, beef up the respiratory musculus and assist the patient breath more freely and to acquire more O into the organic structure.American physiological society 2006The physical exercising improves respiratory take a breathing capacity by increasing chest wall enlargement and forced expiratory lung volume, bole mobility improves the chest wall map and relieves dyspneas.Putt MT, Watson M, seale H,The clasp and loosen up techniques produce short term benefits in patients with COPD.CHAPTER – ThreeMATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYStudy designA individual group pre test- station trial experimental survey design.3.2 Study putingDepartment of pulmonology, K.G.Hospital, Coimbatore-18.3.3 Study continuanceStudy was conducted for a period of three months ( 12 hebdomads ) .3.4 SamplingSimple random sampling.3.5 SubjectsA sum of 15 patients diagnosed with mild COPD by the clinical doctor go toing the outpatient Department of Pulmonology of K.G.Hospital were selected indiscriminately for the survey.3.6 Criteria for choiceInclusive standardsPatients classified as holding mild COPD by the doctors were taken for the survey. Ability to execute exercisings. Both sexes. Patient in age group between 35-45 old ages.Exclusive standardsPatients with any associated jobs of COPD Recent acute aggravation of disease Conditionss that contraindicate the application of clasp and loosen up techniques. Secondary musculoskeletal upsets. Recent breaks or hurt to the ribs, collarbone or upper limb. Perennial subluxation or disruption of either shoulder. Inability to execute isometric contraction. Connective tissue upset Ischemic bosom diseases Uncontrolled hyper tenseness Moderate to severe osteoporosis Extra conditions curtailing chest enlargement ( e.g. Obesity, terrible scoliosis, ancylosing spondylitis ) Systemic disease musculuss and articulations ( e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis ) Extremist mastectomy with remotion of the pectoral muscle major musculus. Recent thorax or abdominal surgery.3.7 VariablesIndependent variablesHold and loosen up technique Thoracic mobility exercisingsDependent variablesShoulder horizontal extension Rate of perceived effort3.8 ToolsGoniometer Borg ‘s graduated table3.9. ProcedureBefore the intervention all the topics were explained about the survey process and intervention to be applied. They were asked to inform if they had any uncomfortableness during the class of intervention. The patients were explained and show about the clasp relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings which they had to execute. The pre trial shoulder horizontal extension and rate perceived effort steps were taken, after which the group was asked to execute hold relax technique and pectoral mobility exercising for a continuance of 6 hebdomads, after which shoulder horizontal extension and dyspnea was assessed utilizing Goniometer and Borg ‘s graduated table severally. At the terminal of the 12th hebdomad the degree of dyspnea was found to be decreased with an addition in shoulder horizontal extension motion.3.10. Stastical toolsPaired ‘t ‘ TrialPaired't ‘ trial was used to compare the pre Vs station & A ; post Vs station trial values of both the groups. vitamin D = difference between pre trial V station trial vitamin D = mean difference n = entire figure of topics s = criterion divergenceUnpaired ‘t ‘ TrialThis was used to analyse the significance between experimental and control groups. Where, S = Standard divergence = Mean of control groups = Mean of experimental group n1 = Number of topics in control groups n2 = Number of topics in experimental groupChapter – FourDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONShoulder Horizontal Extension MovementTABLE – IPaired ‘t ‘ TrialsShows the mean, average difference, standard divergence and paired't ‘ values between pre trial and station trial values.S.NOTrialMeanMendeleviumSouth dakota‘t ‘ ValuessPre Test 18.6 11 2.80 16.6 Post Test 30.6 The above tabular array I shows the analysis of pre trial and station trial values. The mated t-test value is ( 16.6 ) which is greater than the tabulated t-value ( =2.145 ) at 5 % degree of significance. This shows that there is a important difference between the values.DyspneaTABLE – TwoPaired ‘t ‘ trialsShows the mean, average difference, standard divergence and paired't ‘ values between pre trial and station trial values.S.NOTrialMeanMendeleviumSouth dakota‘t ‘ ValuessPRE Trial 16.6 1.67 2.31 10.2 POST Trial 10.5 The above tabular array II shows the analysis of pre trial and station trial values. The mated t-test value is ( 10.2 ) which is greater than the tabulated t-value ( =2.145 ) at 5 % degree of significance. This shows that there is a important difference between the values.GRAPH – ISHOULDER HORIZONTAL EXTENSION MOVEMENT COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUESShoulder Horizontal Extension MovementGRAPH – TwoDyspneaCOMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUESDyspneaChapter – VoltDiscussionPurpose of this survey was to bespeak that a hold relax technique specifically to the pectoral muscle major musculus is capable of increasing the result steps which are shoulder horizontal extension scope of gesture ( there by a little addition in critical capacity ) and cut down dyspnea in COPD patients. Previous surveies have found that a hold relax technique in normal topics can bring forth statically important increased hemodynamic viz. , systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area, as rate of perceived effort, respiratory rate, SaO2 were non adversely affected in any topics after intercession, this implies that the intervention is a safe method of intervention in chronic respiratory patients. The active method of intervention included in this survey appears to be safe and effectual in chronic respiratory patients. As adaptative shortening and stiffness around the upper limb musculus quadrant addition chest wall opposition and work of take a breathing. A method of change by reversaling these alterations of import to include a direction program for these patients. ( Arch phys med rehabilitation, vol 89, June 2008 ) . 15 topics with COPD were indiscriminately selected as a individual group who underwent hold relax technique of the pectoral muscle major and pectoral mobility exercisings, following 12 hebdomads of survey continuance and there was a important betterment of the result steps shoulder horizontal extension ( t 16.6 ) and dyspnea ( t 10.2 ) .Chapter – SixDecisionThis survey shows as important betterment in the dyspnea degree ( t=10.2 ) and shoulder horizontal extension ( t=16.6 ) in patients with mild COPD following hold relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings. This provides considerable grounds that hold relax technique can better the restrictive constituent of COPD, Extensibility of the pectoral muscle major musculus and perchance get the better of some of the postural alterations of COPD.Chapter – SevenLIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSRestrictionRestriction of this survey is that FEV1, FVC were non measured in order to bespeak the badness of COPD in each topics. Demographic information was non taken into the survey.RecommendationFurther survey should be done to larn more about how to change by reversal the secondary soft tissue effects of chronic respiratory disease.Chapter – Eight

A handful of dates Essay

Children like to copy their favorite character. They imagine  themselves to be like that person when they get big. Like this, a young boy , the  main character of the story, â€Å"A Handful of Dates†, by Tayeb Saleh, imagine  himself to be like his grandfather, when he get big. The story describes the  childhood of a young boy, who does the things children typically do, go to school,  attend religious services, plays outside, and spends time with his favorite family  member, his grandfather. Although the boy loves his grandfather and considers him  as a great man, the boy realizes, through his treatment of his neighbor Masood,  that he is a greedy man, and doesn’t like him anymore.  Early in the story, the boy loves nature. The boy loves to go to the  mosque every morning to learn Quran. He also loves to swim in the river and  play in the field. The boy says, â€Å"The mosque, the river, and the fields – these were  the landmarks in our life†(p-1,para-1).He also says, â€Å"†¦I loved the river  too†(p1,para-2).In other words, the boy love the river as well as his village nature.  The boy was idealistic about his grandfather and wanted to be like him.  His relationship with his grandfather was very close. The boy says, â€Å"I loved to  give rein to my imagination and picture myself a tribe of giants living behind that  wood, a people tall and thin with white beards and sharp noses, like my  grandfather†(p-1,para-2).In his imagination he thinks about his grandfather, and  says, â€Å" when I grew to be a man, tall and slender like him, walking along with great strides†(p-1,para-2).He thinks himself to be like his grandfather when he gets  big. As the story begins, the boy notices his grandfather doesn’t like their  neighbor Masood. In a conversation he asked his grandfather that why he doesn’t  like Masood. His grandfather answered that Masood is lazy person  that’s why he  doesn’t like him. â€Å"He’s an indolent man and I don’t like such people†(p-2,para-5).  Moreover, grandfather also said that Masood married more than one time and  every time he got married, he sold some part of his property. â€Å" Masood, my boy,  was a much married man. Each time he married he sold me a feddan or two†(p-  3,para-14).The boy was thinking and made a calculation that may be Masood  married more than ninety women, and then remembered that he had three wives  and asking himself many questions. At the end of the story the boy realizes that  his grandfather wasn’t that kind of person which he thought.  According to the boy’s grandfather, he will buy all of the Masood’s  property before he dies. Long time ago when the grandfather first came in the  village he didn’t had any property. Now two third of his property’s owner is  grandfather. â€Å"†¦forty years ago all this belonged to Masood, two-thirds  of it is now  mine†(p-2,para-9). â€Å"†¦ I think that before Allah calls me to Him I shall have  bought the remaining third as well†(p-2,para-11).Grandfather also said to the boy  that he will buy Masood’s remaining property before he dies. The boy was  thinking of himself that why his grandfather doing that and felt sorry for Masood. An inner conflict develops when he found his grandfather is greedy,  which he should not be as a Muslim. When the grandfather said he will buy  Masood’s remaining property, the boy was thinking of himself that his grandfather  will do what he said, and felt sorry for Masood. â€Å"I do not know why it was I felt  fear at my grandfather’s words-and pity for our neighbor Masood. How I wished  my grandfather wouldn’t do what he’d said !† (p-2,para-12). The boy learn from the  Quran that people should be sympathetic to weaker section people of the society.  Instead of that, his grandfather wants to buy Masood’s remaining property, which  shows that he not the kind of person he should be as a Muslim.  The boy begins to notice Masood at the harvest, and he feels  sympathy for him.Masood invites the boy and his grandfather to harvest dates. At  the harvest field the boy noticed Masood and thinking what his grandfather said  about him. â€Å"I remembered Masood’s remark to me when he had once seen me  playing with the branch of a young palm tree: Palm tress, my boy, like humans,  experience joy and suffering. And I had felt an inward and unreasoned  embarrassment†(p-3,para-19).The boy remember, once he was playing with the  palm tree Masood told him that palm trees are like human, which means Masood  loves nature.

Who Were the Huguenots What Is Their History

The Huguenots were French Calvinists, active mostly in the sixteenth century.  They were persecuted by Catholic France, and about 300,000 Huguenots fled France for England, Holland, Switzerland, Prussia, and the Dutch and English colonies in the Americas. The battle between Huguenots and Catholics in France also reflected fights between noble houses. In America, the term Huguenot was also applied to French-speaking Protestants, especially Calvinists, from other countries, including Switzerland and Belgium. Many Walloons (an ethnic group from Belgium and part of France) were Calvinists. The source of the name â€Å"Huguenot† is not known. Huguenots in France In France, state and crown in the 16th century were aligned with the Roman Catholic Church. There was little influence of Luther’s reformation, but the ideas of John Calvin reached into France and brought the Reformation into that country. No province and few towns became explicitly Protestant, but the ideas of Calvin, the new translations of the Bible, and organization of congregations spread fairly quickly. Calvin estimated that by the middle of the 16th century, 300,000 French people had become followers of his Reformed religion. Calvinists in France were, the Catholics believed, organizing to take power in an armed revolution. The Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal of Lorraine, were particularly hated, and not just by the Huguenots. Both were known for keeping power by any means including assassination. Catherine of Medici, an Italian-born French queen consort who became Regent for her son Charles IX when her first son died young, opposed the rise of Reformed religion. Massacre of Wassy On March 1, 1562, French troops massacred Huguenots at worship and other Huguenot citizens in Wassy, France, in what is known as the Massacre of Wassy (or Vassy). Francis, Duke of Guise, ordered the massacre, reportedly after he’d stopped in Wassy to attend a Mass and found a group of Huguenots worshipping in a barn. The troops killed 63 Huguenots, who were all unarmed and unable to defend themselves. Over a hundred Huguenots were injured. This led to the outbreak of the first of several civil wars in France known as the French Wars of Religion, which lasted more than a hundred years. Jeanne and Antoine of Navarre Jeanne dAlbret (Jeanne of Navarre) was one of the leaders of the Huguenot party. Daughter of Marguerite of Navarre, she was also well-educated. She was a cousin of the French king Henry III, and had been married first to the Duke of Cleves, then, when that marriage was annulled, to Antoine de Bourbon. Antoine was in the line of succession if the ruling House of Valois did not produce heirs to the French throne. Jeanne became ruler of Navarre when her father died in 1555, and Antoine the ruler consort. On Christmas in 1560, Jeanne announced her conversion to Calvinist Protestantism. Jeanne of Navarre, after the massacre of Wassy, became more fervently a Protestant, and she and Antoine fought over whether their son would be raised as a Catholic or Protestant. When he threatened divorce, Antoine had their son sent to Catherine  de Medici’s court. In Vendome, Huguenots were rioting and attacked the local Roman church and Bourbon tombs. Pope Clement, an Avignon Pope in the 14th century, had been buried at an abbey at La Chaise-Dieu. During fighting in 1562 between Huguenots and Catholics, some Huguenots dug up his remains and burned them. Antoine of Navarre (Antoine de Bourbon) was fighting for the crown and on the Catholic side at Rouen when he was killed at Rouen, where a siege lasted from May to October of 1562. Another battle at Dreux led to the capture of a leader of the Huguenots, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condà ©. On March 19, 1563, a peace treaty, the Peace of Amboise, was signed. In Navarre, Jeanne tried to institute religious tolerance, but she found herself opposing the Guise family more and more.  Philip of Spain tried to arrange a kidnapping of Jeanne. Jeanne responded by expanding more religious liberty for Huguenots. She brought her son back to Navarre and gave him a Protestant and military education. Peace of St. Germain Fighting in Navarre and in France continued. Jeanne aligned more and more with Huguenots, and undercut the Roman church in favor of the Protestant faith. A 1571 peace treaty between Catholics and Huguenots led, in March, 1572, to a marriage between Marguerite Valois, daughter of Catherine  de Medici and a Valois heir, and Henry of Navarre, the son of Jeanne of Navarre. Jeanne demanded concessions for the wedding, respecting his Protestant allegiance. She died in June 1572, before the marriage could take place. Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Charles IX was King of France at the marriage of his sister, Marguerite, to Henry of Navarre. Catherine de Medici remained a powerful influence. The wedding took place on August 18. Many Huguenots came to Paris for this significant wedding. On August 21, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot leader. During the night between August 23 and 24, on orders of Charles IX, the military of France killed Coligny and other Huguenot leaders. The killing spread through Paris and from there to other cities and the country. From 10,000 to 70,000 Huguenots were slaughtered (estimates vary widely). This killing weakened the Huguenot party considerably, as most of their leadership had been killed. Of the remaining Huguenots, many re-converted to the Roman faith. Many others became hardened in their resistance to Catholicism, convinced that it was a dangerous faith. While some Catholics were horrified at the massacre, many Catholics believed that the killings were to prevent the Huguenots from seizing power. In Rome, there were celebrations of the defeat of the Huguenots, Philip II of Spain was said to have laughed when he heard, and the Emperor Maximilian II was said to be horrified. Diplomats from Protestant countries fled Paris, including Elizabeth I of England’s ambassador. Henry, Duke of Anjou, was the king’s younger brother, and he was key in the carrying out of the massacre plan. His role in the killings led Catherine of Medici to step back from her initial condemnation of the crime, and also led her to deprive him of power. Henry III and IV Henry of Anjou succeeded his brother as king, becoming Henry III, in 1574.  Fights between Catholic and Protestants, including among the French aristocracy, marked his reign. The â€Å"War of the Three Henries† pitted Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise into armed conflict.  Henry of Guise wanted to completely suppress the Huguenots.  Henry III was for limited toleration. Henry of Navarre represented the Huguenots. Henry III had Henry I of Guise and his brother Louis, a cardinal, murdered in 1588, thinking this would strengthen his rule. Instead, it created more chaos. Henry III acknowledged Henry of Navarre as his successor. Then a Catholic fanatic, Jacques Clement, assassinated Henry III in 1589, believing he was too easy on the Protestants. When Henry of Navarre, whose wedding had been marred by the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, succeeded his brother-in-law as King Henry IV in 1593, he converted to Catholicism. Some of the Catholic nobles, especially the House of Guise and the Catholic League, sought to exclude from the succession anyone who was not Catholic. Henry IV apparently believed that the only way to bring peace was to convert, supposedly saying, â€Å"Paris is well worth a Mass.† Edict of Nantes Henry IV, who had been a Protestant before becoming King of France, in 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes, granting limited toleration to Protestantism within France. The Edict contained many detailed provisions. One, for instance, protected French Huguenots from the Inquisition when they were traveling in other countries. While protecting Huguenots, it established Catholicism as the state religion, and required Protestants to pay tithes to the Catholic church, and required them to follow Catholic rules of marriage and to respect Catholic holidays. When Henry IV was assassinated, Marie de Medici, his second wife, confirmed the edict within a week, making a Catholic massacre of Protestants less likely, and also reducing the chance of Huguenot rebellion. Edict of Fontainebleau In 1685, the grandson of Henry IV, Louis XIV, revoked the Edict of Nantes. Protestants left France in large numbers, and France found itself on worse terms with Protestant nations around it. Edict of Versailles Also known as the Edict of Tolerance, this was signed by Louis XVI on November 7, 1787. It restored freedom to worship to Protestants, and reduced religious discrimination. Two years later, the French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789 would bring complete religious freedom.